Practical Guidance for Defining a Smart Grid Modernization Strategy: The Case of Distribution by Marcelino Madrigal Robert Uluski & Kwawu Mensan Gaba

Author:Marcelino Madrigal, Robert Uluski & Kwawu Mensan Gaba
Language: eng
Format: epub

Level 0: Manual Control and Local Automation

At this grid modernization level, operation of the distribution system is mostly manual. Level 0 grid modernization is depicted in figure 5.2. Automatic functions are limited to distribution feeder protection, voltage regulation, and in some cases capacitor bank switching for power factor correction. Protective relays, voltage regulators, and capacitor bank controllers may be electromechanical devices, electronic devices, or IEDs. Most likely, these devices are all electromechanical devices (especially in developing countries), which means they lack the intelligence to adapt to varying operating conditions and they lack the ability to supply local measurements to a remote processor for additional analysis and control.

Figure 5.2 Level 0 Grid Modernization

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